Hepatocellular carcinoma is a type of cancer that only develops in the liver but can spread to other areas in advanced stages. It is usually caused by an underlying condition, such as chronic liver disease (CLD). Although the prevalence rate is lower in the United States than in other areas of the world, it is increasing. |||||||| HIDDEN IN PREVIEW MODE ||||||| The most common causes of HCC are chronic hepatic disorders caused by hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV), but it can also be caused by portal hypertension. |||||||| HIDDEN IN PREVIEW MODE ||||||| Cirrhosis provides the foundation for HCC, as DNA damage occurs, resulting in deregulation of DNA methylation, chromosomal instability, proto-oncogene activation, and tumor suppressor gene inactivation. |||||||| HIDDEN IN PREVIEW MODE ||||||| Dysplastic foci are typically less than 1 cm in size and are classified by the main cell type as small cell, large cell, and iron-free foci. |||||||| HIDDEN IN PREVIEW MODE ||||||| Ultrasound is also commonly used but is not as effective when used alone. |||||||| HIDDEN IN PREVIEW MODE ||||||| Reducing the number of cases of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) requires the elimination of liver disease precursors. |||||||| HIDDEN IN PREVIEW MODE ||||||| Although HCC is complex, ample research is currently being conducted, which should lead to a better understanding.

It is critical for APNs to understand the pathophysiology of HCC because they will be responsible for managing underlying conditions. They must be aware of conditions that predispose patients to HCC and how to identify early symptoms. |||||||| HIDDEN IN PREVIEW MODE ||||||| Identifying patients at risk for HCC is essential, including those with high-risk behaviors such as drug and alcohol use, cirrhosis of the liver, and Hepatitis B or C. |||||||| HIDDEN IN PREVIEW MODE |||||||

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